Why write about NullPointerExceptions?
NullPointerExceptions are one of the most basic runtime errors encountered in Java programming. Learning how to fix NullPointerExceptions is a vital skill for anyone programming in Java, as any student or amateur Java programmer will encounter these errors eventually. Sadly, even some professional Java programmers are stumped by them. I hope that this article will help programmers understand what NullPointerExceptions are, why they happen, and how to fix them. And for when all else fails, I'll offer a few pointers on asking for assistance with a NullPointerException.
What is a NullPointerException?
A NullPointerException is an unchecked runtime error. As such, NullPointerExceptions do not have to be declared in a method's throws clause. Because they are not checked exceptions, it is easy to forget about them and many programmers will not make any effort to handle or avoid NullPointerExceptions until they start occurring. A NullPointerException may indicate a logical error, improper data validation, incorrect use of an API, or some other programming problem.
Why do NullPointerExceptions happen?
A NullPointerException is caused by an attempt to dereference a pointer that doesn't point to anything; the pointer is null. Here are a couple of common scenarios where NullPointerExceptions can be found:
1. String myString = null;
2. System.out.println(myString.length());
Here a variable, myString, is declared and initialized to null on line #1. When line #2 attempts to deference the variable myString in order to print the string's length, a NullPointerException is thrown because myString doesn't point to anything.
1. System.out.println(aMethodThatReturnsNull().toString());
This second example is a little trickier. No variable was declared, but there is still a pointer: the return value of the method aMethodThatReturnsNull(). That fictitious (and seemingly useless) method will always return null. As we saw in the first example, attempting to dereference a null pointer and call a method on the referenced object (which is null) results in a NullPointerException.
How do you track down a NullPointerException?
To find the source of a NullPointerException, start with the stack trace. In your Java console or log file, you'll see something like this:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at com.foo.example.NullPointerExample.main(NullPointerExample.java:21)
The stack trace tells you what happened (NullPointerException) and where (line 21 of NullPointerExample.java). Look at that line and see if you can recognize one of the two patterns given above. Ask yourself these questions:
- Are you calling a method on a variable that might be null?
- Are you calling a method on the return value of another method, where the first method might return null?
- Are you absolutely sure the answer to the first two questions was "no?" NullPointerExceptions can happen for other reasons, but these two are by far the most common.
How do you ask for help with a NullPointerException?
First, put some effort into it. Although most developer communities are ready and willing to help with problems relating to the community's subject area, NullPointerExceptions are very often simple programming errors and probably off topic for anything except a Java beginners forum. So before posting and asking for help, determine if the problem is in your own code.
Once you're certain that the exception isn't arising from your code, take a look at the code that is causing the exception (see above). You might be using an API improperly. Third-party libraries may not support null parameters, for example.
If you still need help, be sure to follow these guidelines when posting on a forum or emailing colleagues directly:
- Be polite. You're asking for other people's time, generally without paying for it.
- Be thorough.
- Include the stack trace from the exception.
- Include any of your code that is relevant to the stack trace.
- Explain what you've done to troubleshoot and detail your findings.
- Be patient. People are busy and have their own priorities. It may take hours or days to get a reply from the community, and longer to get a free solution. If you need immediate, devoted attention, you should expect to pay for it. If you want to "bump" your message to get more attention, don't just post "bump" or "can anyone help" -- offer up some additional information to demonstrate that you're taking ownership of the problem and still working on it (nobody wants to do your job for you!). Your new findings may elicit a response. Whining about not getting a response is unlikely to help matters and can alienate the community members who could assist you.
